Among the three groups, leptin, and leptin: adiponectin ratio, and IL-6 levels were highest in MetS, and levels in Obese were greater than Control (p>0.05).
We previously found that blood C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leptin levels were predictors of current metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia.
Patients with MS showed higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL; 2.1 +/- 1.2 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.9 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and reduced FMV (5.4 +/- 3.9 vs. 8.3 +/- 3.1%, P < 0.05).
IL6 serum levels were significantly higher in the MDD group when compared to the healthy control group, and in MDD+MS group when compared to the healthy control group.
Elevated blood viscosity decreases the perfusion of skeletal muscle, leading to myocyte expression of the myokine IL-6, decreased glucose uptake, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and metabolic syndrome.
Total ROS, inflammatory parameters and adhesion molecules were enhanced in the presence of MetS (p<0.05), and the PCOS+MetS group showed higher levels of IL-6 and ICAM-1 than controls (p<0.05).
Finally, patients suffering from the metabolic syndrome with high levels of sCD40L also displayed high levels of IL-6, in line with the concept that CD40L may induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in vivo in this population.
Omentum removal reversed immediately the increased plasma levels of CRP and IL-6 and gradually food intake, weight gain, and features of MS in diet-induced-obesity.
In first-degree relatives normal glucose tolerant women, fasting hyperinsulinemia, independently of the presence of metabolic syndrome, is associated with elevated IL-6 and leptin levels, suggesting an increased cardiovascular risk.
The Overwt-MetSyn group demonstrated a significant elevation in expression of TLR2, TLR4, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF a) and interleukin-6 (IL6) in peripheral monocytes, and increased circulating levels of TNF a and IL6 when compared with the Overwt-Healthy group.
This was accompanied with predomination of IL-10 over pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the sera as well as Gal-3 over TNF-α and IL-17 in feces of UC patients with MetS.
In the logistic regression model adjusted for age and sex, higher IL-6 and lower IGF-1 levels confer increased risk of having MetS and its two underlying pathophysiological abnormalities, i.e., visceral obesity and insulin resistance.
The pooled results using random effects model showed that statin use statistically significantly decreased CRP level (SMD= -0.97; 95% CI, -1.10, -0.85; P < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>: 95.1%), TNF-α (SMD= -1.88; 95% CI, -2.40, -1.38; P < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>: 97.2%), IL-6 (SMD= -1.67; 95% CI, -1.98, -1.34; P < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>: 96.5%), and IL-1 concentrations (SMD= -8.35; 95% CI, -10.49, -6.22; P < 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>: 98.4%) among patients with MetS and related disorders.
Using quantitative real-time PCR, we could show that the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) significantly increased in peripheral blood leukocytes from "MetS" subjects (n=39) compared to "no MetS" subjects (n=35) 2 h after an oral glucose tolerance test (ICAM-1 +52%, TNF-alpha +107%, and IL-6 +38%) and also in vitro after 72 h cultivation in high-glucose medium (ICAM-1 +74%, TNF-alpha +71%, and IL-6 +44%).
Manipulation of iron status with ferric ammonium citrate and hepcidin-25 induced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin-6 in human differentiating monocytes of patients with hyperferritinemia associated with the metabolic syndrome (n=11), but not in subjects with hemochromatosis or HFE mutations impairing iron accumulation (n=15), and the degree of induction correlated with the presence of carotid plaques, detected by echocolor-Doppler.
Cardiac myocyte injury and stress markers (troponin and natriuretic peptides), markers of renal function (glomeral filtration rate, cystatin-C), and inflammation markers/mediators (interleukin- 6, CRP) are promising biomarkers of patients with AF and MetS.